MAP OF LONDON, John Rocque & John Pine 1737 1746, Fusion Of All 24 Parts, Lord Henfield, 2nd Edition 2022

Lord Henfield

INTRODUCTION John Rocque's Map is a map of Georgian London and has the full name "A Plan of the Cities of London and Westminster, and Borough of Southwark." It is item No. 96 as catalogued by James Howgego in Printed Maps of London, c.1553-1850. John Rocque's "Plan of the Cities of London and Westminster" is a work of massive proportions. From the planning, and actual survey in 1737, over the drawing, the engraving, and the printing, it took 9 years to publish the map in October 1746 by John Pine and John Tinney. The map has been described as the most detailed and accurate map of 18th-century London ever produced. In 2013 one of the originals of the map was offered for sale in "very good" condition at £30,000. Rocque's Map has become visual in a 2008 historical crime drama, City of Vice, which is a British television series set in Georgian London. To link between the various narrative scenes, Rocque's map is shown from above, then becomes three dimensional, and finally merges into the next film sequence. John Rocque's Map for Printing In 1997, Lord Henfield made a restoration and fused all 24 parts together with the help of Photoshop. The map on Internet Archive is an enhanced version. Lord Henfield's medium size fusion of the 24 parts has an overall size of circa 36,250 × 19,545 pixels in PSB (Photoshop format for large size images); it is available here in one sheet or as a version in 3 long tapestry sheets for extremely large prints on wallpaper material to be mounted on large boards. Slightly smaller png versions (29,999 × 16,175 pixels) are also made available here. A print looks best on beige, antique-looking material. The print can be made in a length of circa 7 feet or 2.20m. Background A prospectus for the map, published in 1740, stated: "This Plan will be contained in 24 Sheets of the best Imperial Paper, being near 13 Feet in Length, and 6 Feet and an Half in Depth, and will extend from West to East, on the North Side, from beyond Mary-bone Turnpike, by Tottenham-Court, the New-River-Head, Hoxton and Part of Hackney to near Bow: From thence, Southerly, by the Easternmost Parts of Mile-End and Lime-House, cross the River Thames to Deptford Road; from whence the Southern Side will extend Westerly, by Newington and Vaux-Hall, to that Part of Surrey which is opposite to Chelsea-College; which Building, together with some Part of Knights-Bridge and Hyde-Park, will be included in the Western Limit ..." The map was financed by people subscribing to obtain a copy – one guinea was paid as a deposit and two guineas when the map was received. Much of the earlier surveying work needed to be repeated and by 1742 the scheme was close to collapse. There were 246 subscribers, one being Frederick, Prince of Wales, who later was to appoint Rocque as the royal cartographer. The Court of Aldermen of the City of London subsidised the undertaking and the map was dedicated to them and to the Lord Mayor. The sale begun on 27 June 1747. The Title The title "A Plan of London and Westminster . . ." bears witness to the development of the word "map" in English for this particular type of publication. The 24 "plans" of this work were kept in a kind of plain folder made from cloth, leather or carton, as it was usual at the time. In fact, the 24 sheets were never designed to be put together but served, through the folder, as a kind of atlas. It was originally the folder itself that was called "map" (Latin: mappa = cloth), as it is still called "Mappe" in German or the other Indo-European languages. Sheets of a geographical description, such as this work, were called "plan" (Latin: planus = flat), just as in German and other Indo-European languages. Detailed Description John Rocque Plan of London consists of 24 sheets and measures roughly 3.84-385 by 203-2.01 metres in total. Scale circa 1:2400. Each sheet has a slightly different size of circa 77 × 57 cm.. The map consists of 24 sheets, in three rows of eight. They are referenced A-H horizontally and 1-3 vertically, eg. Sheet C2 is the third sheet from the lefthand side, second row from the top. For the purpose of indexing and screen display each sheet is divided into nine segments, three horizontally and three vertically. This is the same segmentation as used by Rocque for his original index. Each of these 24 segments has 9 sub-segments. There are 216 (24 × 9) segments for the whole map, i.e. segments 1-24 for the first row, 25-48 for the second, etc. There are three decorated cartouches (ornamental panels) on the lower edge of the map, the left one for the scale and some abbreviations, the title in the middle cartouche, and a dedication by name to the Mayor and Aldermen of London in the right-hand cartouche. The map is drawn in the style of a Relief mainly shown by hachures (shadings) and land form drawings. The drawings even include ships on the River Thames. Method of Survey After planning and agreeing the project with George Vertue, Rocque started surveying in March 1738 (old style 1737). The survey was complete by 1744, even though Rocque was also busy mapping various other English towns. Rocque combined two surveying techniques: he made a ground-level survey with a compass and a physical metal chain – the unit of length also being the chain. Compass bearings were taken of the lines measured. He also created a triangulation network over the entire area to be covered by taking readings from church towers and similar high places using a theodolite made by Jonathan Sisson (inventor of the telescopic-sighted theodolite) to measure the observed angle between two other prominent locations. The process was repeated from point to point. The two methods needed to be reconciled and at the start of his work Rocque relied too much on his ground surveys, only to find they were not in agreement with triangulation. This meant the earlier ground surveying needed to be repeated. Triangulation tends to be more accurate on the larger scale and in the City the dual approach was very successful but in rural areas there were too few prominent landmarks for triangulation to be effective. Rocque recorded street and place names as the survey proceeded and double checked these by comparing their names with those on earlier maps. For the City of London the Court of Aldermen ordered the ward beadles to assist with this aspect and so the map includes ward boundaries whereas in other areas only parish boundaries are shown. Engraving The map shows internal details for some buildings, such as St Paul's Cathedral, and in less densely populated areas gardens are shown. However, the detail on the map is variable over the various parts of London – in the inner city there was not room for minor roadways to be included. Churches, grand buildings and streets receive close attention but industrial buildings are neglected. Hatching and broken lines are used to distinguish buildings, gardens, fields and woods. Apart from the cartouches, pictorial detail is limited to trees, boats on the River Thames and the gallows at Tyburn. The map was engraved on copper plates by John Pine. Each sheet is 27 × 19 inches (77 × 57 cm) and the scale is 1 inch to 200 feet (Scale: 1:2400), about 26 inches to the mile. Although the survey covered the whole area as a unity, the sheets of the map were produced individually and were not separated from a master drawing. After being drawn, each paper sheet was placed over a waxed copper plate and the lines were traced manually to produce the engraving. The plate was inked and damp paper pressed on to it to pick up the ink. As they dried the sheets distorted to some extent so they did not line up perfectly with each other. Publication, Sale and Reception In the Annals of London (2000) the map is described as a "massive achievement"; and according to Chetham's Library it is "a magnificent example of cartography and an indispensable reference tool for historians: one of the greatest and most handsome plans of any city". The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states it was "the outstanding plan of the capital in the eighteenth century". Alphabetical Index of Locations An alphabetical list of over 5,500 locations was published in 1748. Rocque had a shop in "Hide Park Road" (a section of Piccadilly), and the public had been able to see the drafts and suggest corrections prior to publication. In his catalogues the map was generally described as "His large Survey of London in 24 Sheets". Roque and Pine's index consisted of a series of sections such as Alleys or Ditches or Churches – nineteen in all – each section containing locations listed alphabetically. For each location the index specified the sheet as the numeric row followed by the alphabetic column. Each sheet was notionally divided into nine rectangles as illustrated in their diagram. This number came last. So, the bottom right of the whole map was 3 H 9. A Second Map Besides this map, "John Rocque's Map of London, 1746" can refer to two different maps. In 1746, Rocque published another, smaller-scale, map of London and its environs in sixteen sheets: its full name is "An Exact Survey of the city's of London Westminster ye Borough of Southwark and the Country near ten miles round" begun in 1741 & ended in 1745 by John Rocque Land Surveyor; & Engrav'd by Richard Parr." Although it lacks the high definition of its better-known counterpart, it covers a much larger area. Biography of John Rocque John Rocque (originally Jean; c. 1704–1762) was a French-born British surveyor and cartographer, best known for his detailed map of London published in 1746. Rocque was born in France, one of four children of a Huguenot family who subsequently fled first to Geneva, and then, probably in 1709, to England. He became a godfather in 1728, which suggests he was at least twenty-one years old by that time. In addition to his work as surveyor and mapmaker, Rocque was an engraver and map-seller. He was also involved in some way in gardening as a young man, living with his brother Bartholomew, who was a landscape gardener, and producing plans for parterres, perhaps recording pre-existing designs, but few details of this work are known. Rocque produced engraved plans of the gardens at Wrest Park (1735), Claremont (1738), Charles Hamilton's naturalistic landscape garden at Painshill Park, Surrey (1744), Wanstead House (1745) and Wilton House (1746). Rocque is now remembered principally for his Map of London. He began work on this in 1737 and it was published in 24 printed sheets in 1746. It was by far the most detailed map of London published up to that time, and remains an important historical resource. The map of London and his other maps brought him an appointment as cartographer to Frederick, Prince of Wales in 1751. A fire in 1750 destroyed his premises and stock, but by 1753 he was employing ten draughtsmen, and The Small British Atlas: Being a New set of Maps of all the Counties of England and Wales appeared. There was a second edition in 1762. He also surveyed and published maps of Middlesex, Oxford, Berkshire, & Buckinghamshire in 1760. Rocque spent six years in Dublin (1754–60), where he produced a number of maps of the Irish capital, as well as county maps of Dublin and Armagh, city maps of Kilkenny and Cork, and a series of sumptuously illustrated manuscript surveys of the estates of the then Earl of Kildare. In 1756, he published the first detailed printed map of Dublin, the 4-sheet Exact Survey of Dublin. A detail from this later featured on the Irish Series B ten pound banknote (1976–1993). Rocque also covered the hinterland of Dublin in A Survey of the City Harbour Bay and Environs of Dublin, published in four sheets in 1758. These extended as far as Skerries and Cardy Rocks to the north, Carton House to the west, Blessington to the south-west and Enniskerry to the south. Rocque married twice. His widow, Mary Ann Rocque, continued the business after his death. Biography of John Pine John Pine (1690–1756) was an English designer, engraver, and cartographer notable for his artistic contribution to the Augustan style and Newtonian scientific paradigm that flourished during the British Enlightenment. Pine collaborated with surveyor John Rocque on the first detailed map of London, published in 1746. Little is known of Pine's parents or ancestry. Biographical sketches frequently refer to him as black or of African ancestry, especially in the lore of Freemasonry, a society with which he became affiliated. However, the United Grand Lodge of England has not been able to verify such claims. Pine began his career as an apprentice goldsmith. He was also apprenticed to the French engraver Bernard Picart (1673–1733), who was associated with a movement described by historian Margaret Jacob as the "Radical Enlightenment". Pine was a close friend of William Hogarth, who also began his career as an engraver. It appears likely that their careers were mutually reinforcing, even though Pine remained principally in the field of engraving while Hogarth became a famous painter. Hogarth painted Pine several times; once, in his 1749 engraving The Gate of Calais, depicting him as a fat friar.[4] Both men served as governors of the Foundling Hospital, and both were Freemasons, a social affiliation that was also a means of marketing their talents. Pine was a member of the Lodge that met at the Horn Tavern in Westminster and joined with other Lodges to form the Grand Lodge in 1717. Pine engraved the frontispiece of the 1723 Constitutions of the Free-Masons, which elevated his status as an artist and secured his position as principal engraver for the Grand Lodge. Subsequent work for the Grand Lodge included annual engraved lists of member Lodges, which provided details about the time and place of their meetings. These engravings included miniature signs for each Lodge symbolizing their meeting place, usually a tavern. Pine's work is an essential part of the record of early Freemasonry. He also engraved the first List of Lodges published in 1723. In 1731, Pine worked with James Oglethorpe and the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America on the first conceptual map of the colony, illustrating many of its design principles. He may have prepared the more detailed plan for the town of Savannah, the source of which remains an intriguing mystery to town planners (see the Oglethorpe Plan). In 1733–1737, Pine printed an edition of the works of Horace, considered a masterpiece of 18th-century book art. He entirely engraved text and illustrations for the two volumes, which consist of hundreds of pages. Subscribers who underwrote the project included the Prince of Wales, Handel, Alexander Pope, and Hogarth. In 1735, Pine successfully collaborated with Hogarth and George Vertue in obtaining passage of a law enacted by Parliament securing copyrights for artists. This law granted specifically to him copyright on some works not otherwise original enough to receive copyright under it. In 1755 he was among those who attempted to form a royal academy for the arts, but he did not live to see it established. About Lord Henfield Lord Henfield (1958) is an English scholar and educator. He studied Archaeology, Ancient History and Linguistics. He focuses on art, photography, digital image design, weapons technology, space exploration, legal texts and historical documents. Lord Henfield has published a number of artworks (playing card design and colourised photographs) and books. In 2018 he published "Lord Henfield's Handbook of Practical English" which introduces the reader to the history and some basics of the dualistic structured English language. The Grand Bible (2021) is his most recent work on history. It is a compilation of monumental proportions, showing almost all religious and sacred documents, most of which are also legal texts and thus the basis of all our modern civilisations. Not knowing about those texts lead to the cultural disruptions and paradigm shifts we are all experiencing right now. If you would like to support the channel, please may I ask you to give me a favourite vote at some point during your visit at Internet Archive. It really does mean a lot to me. Thank you kindly! — Lord Henfield.