Ascetics preparing and smoking opium outside a rural dwelling in India. Gouache painting by Kavala, 19th century.

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Lettering: Inscription in ink on the verso transliterated as follows: "Banou Chatara Kuwala ka hatha no amaldaar ki surat so led(?) chae" (Portrait of the Amaldaars made by the hands of the artist Kuwala), i.e. attributing the painting to Kuwala (Kawala)